Introduction to Electricity and Magnetism

Electricity and magnetism are fundamental phenomena of nature that underpin many technologies and processes in our lives. These phenomena are studied
in the branch of physics known as electromagnetism. Electricity and magnetism are interconnected. The interaction of electric charges creates an electric field,
and changing electric fields create magnetic fields. This is why they are combined into a single concept—electromagnetism.

Basic Concepts

Electric Charge

Electric charge is a fundamental property of particles that determines their interactions. Charges can be positive or negative. Particles with the same charge
repel each other, while those with opposite charges attract each other. The unit of measurement for charge is the coulomb (C).

Electric Field

An electric field is a region of space where an electric charge experiences a force. It can be described using field lines, the direction of which indicates where
a positive charge would move. Electric fields are created by charges and can be static or changing.

Magnetic Field

A magnetic field is a region of space where moving charges or magnetic moments experience a force. Magnetic fields are often associated with electric currents
and can be created by moving charges or changing electric fields.

Electromagnetic Induction

Electromagnetic induction is the phenomenon where an electric current is generated in a closed loop if the magnetic field through that loop changes. It was
discovered by Michael Faraday and forms the basis of the operation of generators and transformers. This phenomenon is used in various devices, from electric
 generators to induction cooktops.

Laws of Electricity and Magnetism

Coulomb's Law

Coulomb's Law describes the force of interaction between two charges: the force is proportional to the product of the charges and inversely proportional to
the square of the distance between them. This law is fundamental for understanding electric interactions.

Ohm's Law

Ohm's Law establishes the relationship between voltage, current, and resistance: V=IR, where V is the voltage, I is the current, and R is the resistance.
This law is crucial for analyzing electrical circuits and calculating the parameters of their components.

Maxwell's Equations

Maxwell's Equations summarize all the fundamental principles of electromagnetism, including the description of electric and magnetic fields and their
interrelationship. These equations describe how electric and magnetic fields are generated and altered by charges and currents.

Applications of Electricity and Magnetism

Electricity and magnetism have found wide applications in modern life:

• Power Generation and Transmission: The generation and transmission of electrical energy. Power plants use the principles of electromagnetic
  induction to produce electricity, which is then transmitted through power lines to consumers.

• Electronics: The creation of devices such as computers, smartphones, and telecommunications systems. Semiconductor technologies and microchips
  are based on the principles of electricity and magnetism.

• Medicine: The use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for diagnostics. MRI uses strong magnetic fields and radio waves to create detailed images
  of internal organs and tissues.

• Transportation: Electric vehicles and magnetic levitation trains. Electric vehicles use electric motors, while magnetic levitation trains (maglev) use
  magnetic fields for levitation and frictionless movement.